Micromachining speeds and feeds calculator: milling and drilling
Starting spindle speed, feed and chip load for micro-milling and drilling, from material and cutter geometry, based on public tables.
Result
776.2 mm/min
- Formula
- vf = fz × n × zc · n = vc × 1000 / (π × D)
- Starting data
- General Machining Guidelines, Aluminium 440, 356, 380 (moulés); borne basse vc, charge carbure générique
- Declared context
- Aluminium · Side milling (flank finishing) · Aluminium 440, 356, 380 (moulés) · Ø 1 mm · zc 2
Calculated starting point, validate with a monitored test cut.
Sandvik Coromant, Formulas and definitions for milling, H 79
- vc · fzestimated
- aeassumption
- apassumption
- machinenot provided
- Spindle setpoint
- 48 510.4 tr/min
- Programmed feed per tooth
- 8 µm/dent
- Actual cutting speed
- 152.4 m/min
- Maximum chip
- 3.487 µm
- Radial engagement
- 0.05 mm · 5 %
- Axial depth
- 0.1 mm · 10 %
- Removal rate
- 0.00388 cm³/min
- Estimated net power
- —
D 1 mm · ae 0.05 mm · ap 0.1 mm · z 2
Reserves and warnings7
Generic table: lower speed bound used, a conservative point, not specific to your cutter.
Diameter below the first published point (3.175 mm): fz linearly extrapolated, exploratory.
ae preset by the operation: an editable starting assumption, not published by the source.
ap preset by the operation: an editable starting assumption, not published by the source.
Maximum spindle speed unknown: the setpoint was not capped, check it before starting.
Maximum machine feed unknown: feed was not capped.
Power and torque unchecked: enter kc and the spindle capacity for this screening.
Model scope
Starting-point estimator (generic table or entered datasheet): it predicts neither tool deflection, nor cutting stability, nor tool life.
ap does not enter the feed calculation (vf = fz × n × zc); it affects removal rate, power and the ap/D and ap/LOC checks.
Radial chip thinning is compensated only on request, and only below ae/D = 0.5 (beyond it, hex = fz).
The generic table specifies no ae, no ap, no toolpath and no coolant. At full width, fz comes from your cutter’s datasheet and the proposed speed is flagged as unqualified.
Chatter is not modelled, for lack of a sourced criterion. Stickout gives a graded reserve (IMCO degression cited), not an applied coefficient.
Coolant and coating are not asked for, for lack of a published quantified effect.
Note
Machine limits appliedNo machine limit applied.
Radial chip thinning (advanced)
Datasheet reference (optional, enters no calculation)
Power, torque and specific cutting force (advanced)
kc, power and torque are used only for load screening; leave unknown values blank (no default value).
Starting grade, geometry and hardness check (advanced)
Hardness changes no result; it is compared with the domain declared by the source, on the same scale (HB, HV, HRC and HRB do not convert by formula).
Microscale checks (advanced)
Screening requires the edge radius and both hmin/rβ bounds. The 0.22–0.36 range (AISI 1045 steel) is offered by default for steel only; for another material, enter your own.
Data sources and provenance
- Sandvik Coromant · Formulas and definitions for milling — Metric (H 79) · page H 79: vf, vc, n, Q, Pc et Mc · https://cdn.sandvik.coromant.com/files/sitecollectiondocuments/services/metal-cutting-e-learning/formulas-and-definitions/formulas-and-deinitions-for-milling-metric-enu.pdf
- Sandvik Coromant · Drilling formulas and definitions — Metric (web page) · metric: vc, n, vf = fn × n, Q = Dc × fn × vc / 4, Pc, Mc · https://www.sandvik.coromant.com/en-gb/knowledge/machining-formulas-definitions/drilling-formulas-definitions
- International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture · Size effect and minimum chip thickness in micromilling (Volume 89 (2015), pages 39–54) · abstract and conclusions: hmin/edge-radius experimental range · https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2014.11.001
- Harvey Performance Company · How to Adjust Running Parameters for Miniature Tooling (web article) · manufacturer starting parameters and machine limitations · https://www.harveyperformance.com/in-the-loupe/running-parameters-for-miniature-tooling/
- Harvey Performance Company · General Machining Guidelines (live web table) · Carbide End Mills : Non-Ferrous ; Iron, Steel, Stainless ; High Temperature Alloys, Titanium, sfm et chip load (in/dent) par diamètre 1/8"–1". Diamond End Mills Non-Ferrous : bloc gauche material | SFM | CHIP LOAD (IPT) sans dépendance au diamètre, et grille de droite « CHIP LOAD OF GRAPHITE ONLY (IPT, based ON CUTTER DIAMETER) » de 1/32" à 1/2" en colonnes SOFT/MEDIUM/HARD. Seule cette grille est intégrée. Transcription littérale vérifiée par lectures indépendantes du DOM : docs/usinage/donnees-verifiees.md. En-tête de page : « Using the data tables and the milling formulas below, you can calculate the speeds and feeds of any carbide end mills and diamond end mills », renvoi vers les vitesses/avances propres à l’outil employé ; aucune condition d’engagement (ae, ap, trajectoire, arrosage) publiée · https://www.harveytool.com/resources/general-machining-guidelines
- Harvey Performance Company · Ball Nose Milling Strategy Guide — In The Loupe (article web, sans numéro de révision) · définitions Deff / R / ADOC / SFM / Sc et figures 2-3 : Deff = D × sin(arccos(1 − 2·ADOC/D)) ; « If you are using less than the cutter diameter, then its likely your RPM’s will need to be adjusted upward » · https://www.harveyperformance.com/in-the-loupe/ball-nose-milling-strategy-guide/
- IMCO · Technical Resources — Adjustments for Ball Nose End Mills (aucune révision ni date visible sur le document) · page 134, encadré « Ball Nose "Effective Diameter" » : De = 2 × √(R² − (R − ADOC)²), sous condition publiée « If the depth of cut (ADOC) is <50% of the tool diameter » ; tables fractionnaire et métrique de contrôle · https://cms.imcousa.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Adjustments-for-Ball-Nose-Endmills.pdf
- International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · Determination of minimum uncut chip thickness and size effects in micro-milling of P-20 die steel (2020) · rapport h/rβ critique 0,25–0,33 sur acier P-20, seconde plage publiée. Distincte de celle de l’AISI 1045, établissant la dépendance à la matière · https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04926-6
Calculation, assumptions and sources
Provisional · Empirical rule · 8 sources · reviewed on 4 August 2026
OverviewStarting spindle speed, feed and chip thickness for micro-milling and drilling, from the material, the cutter geometry and, if entered, the machine limits.
Starting spindle speed, feed and chip thickness for micro-milling and drilling, from the material, the cutter geometry and, if entered, the machine limits. The values come from a public generic table or from the cutter’s datasheet.
Method & formulasn = vc × 1000 / (π × Dcap) · vc = π × Dcap × n / 1000
Speed, feed, removal-rate, power and torque identities are Sandvik Coromant’s, for milling and for drilling. They apply to the cutting diameter at depth ap (Dcap): equal to the nominal for a square end, 2.3 times smaller for a Ø 1 mm ball nose at ap = 0.05 mm. Under a spindle-speed or feed cap, the displayed vc, feed and chip thickness are the values actually obtained.
- vc
- Tangential cutting-edge speed at effective diameter, in m/min.
- n
- Spindle rotational speed, in revolutions per minute.
- fz
- Programmed travel per effective tooth and revolution (milling).
- fn
- Drill feed per revolution, in mm/rev (drilling).
- vf
- Table, toolpath or penetration feed, in mm/min.
- ae / ap
- Radial engagement and axial depth of cut, in mm.
- hex
- Maximum undeformed chip thickness over the engaged arc.
- rβ
- Cutting-edge radius, distinct from the cutter corner radius.
- kc
- Specific cutting force in N/mm², dependent on material and conditions.
AssumptionsThe entered cutting speed and feed per tooth are a published pair for the exact tool, material and declared toolpath.
- The entered cutting speed and feed per tooth are a published pair for the exact tool, material and declared toolpath.
- Hardness changes no result; it is compared with the source’s range, on the same scale (no HB/HV/HRC/HRB conversion).
- The generic mode uses the lower published speed bound and, on the diamond grid, the lower feed-per-tooth bound. Below the first published diameter (3.175 mm for carbide, 0.794 mm on the diamond grid), fz is extrapolated in proportion to diameter and flagged as exploratory.
- A material with no published row (composite, other) gets no generic value: the cutter’s datasheet is requested. No value is taken from a neighbouring material.
- Radial engagement is constant over the calculated segment. For a corner-radius cutter, Dcap is computed when the corner radius is entered. Without it, and for an engraving cutter (included angle not requested), the nominal diameter is used, which overstates cutting speed; a warning flags it.
- The generic table publishes speed and feed per tooth without specifying ae, ap, toolpath or coolant; its feed serves as a starting point at partial engagement. At full width (slotting, ramping, plunging), fz comes from the cutter’s datasheet, for lack of a public slotting table (Harvey publishes none, Haas only per tool series). The speed remains the published lower bound, flagged as unqualified for that regime.
- Each operation presets ae and ap, which can be edited. For slotting and ramping, ae = D by definition; the other values (side 5%/10%, roughing 25%/50%, facing 70%/5%) are starting assumptions, not manufacturer recommendations.
- Plunging follows Sandvik’s drilling identities with fn = fz × zc; ae, radial chip thinning and Q = ae·ap·vf are not computed.
- ap > LOC (length of cut) is flagged as danger. Beyond a stickout of 2.5 × D, the degression published by IMCO is cited without being applied to another maker’s point.
- The power estimate assumes kc holds at the calculated chip thicknesses; the size effect may invalidate this assumption.
- vc and n are tied by vc = π × D × n / 1000: entering n adds no data.
Validity domain5 validity limits; the calculation refuses values outside 5 of them
When undeformed chip thickness approaches the cutting-edge radius rβ, the edge may plough the material without forming a chip. The measured hmin/rβ threshold is 0.22–0.36 on AISI 1045 steel and 0.25–0.33 on P-20 steel; neither study covers titanium, Inconel, graphite or a polymer. The 0.22–0.36 range applies by default to the steel family; for other materials, the check waits for an entered range. Runout, comparable with chip thickness, unbalances tooth loading. Both checks are screening indicators.
diameter_mm ≥ 0physical · refusal
Diameter must be strictly positive.
Instead · Enter the effective cutting diameter.
radial_depth_mm ≥ 0physical · refusal
Radial engagement must be strictly positive.
Instead · Enter ae between zero and the diameter.
catalog_chip_load_mm ≥ 0model · refusal
Published feed per tooth must be positive.
Instead · Consult the exact cutter datasheet.
spindle_rpm ≥ 0physical · refusal
Published spindle speed must be strictly positive.
Instead · Copy the spindle speed from the manufacturer table.
feed_per_rev_mm ≥ 0model · refusal
Published feed per revolution must be positive.
Instead · Consult the exact drill datasheet.
What the proposed values areFrom the material family alone, the row used is the most conservative in the substrate’s table (lowest published speed, then lowest feed).
From the material family alone, the row used is the most conservative in the substrate’s table (lowest published speed, then lowest feed). The grade and its provenance are displayed and editable. An entered hardness outside the source’s domain is flagged.
Carbide and diamond tablesThe generic mode uses two tables from one page, without mixing them.
The generic mode uses two tables from one page, without mixing them. The carbide table (solid carbide end mills) has 32 rows, reproduced in their original units, with feed per tooth on eight diameters from 1/8" to 1". The diamond table gives eleven materials a feed with no diameter dependence; only its grid headed “chip load of graphite only”, on ten diameters from 1/32" to 1/2", is embedded. For other materials and substrates (HSS, ceramic), the vc/fz pair from the cutter’s datasheet is requested. No conversion factor between substrates is applied: the carbide/diamond gap on the lower speed bound reaches ×2.5 and varies by material.
Drilling identitiesA drill cuts at full diameter, with no partial radial engagement and no chip thinning, and a feed per revolution fn.
A drill cuts at full diameter, with no partial radial engagement and no chip thinning, and a feed per revolution fn. No material table is embedded for drills: vc (or n) and fn come from the drill datasheet, brought within the machine limits. Pecking is not modelled, for lack of a sourced rule.
Checks before machiningStill to check: the maximum speed of the cutter and holder, the spindle’s actual power/torque curve, setup rigidity, chip evacuation and cutting-fluid compatibility.
Still to check: the maximum speed of the cutter and holder, the spindle’s actual power/torque curve, setup rigidity, chip evacuation and cutting-fluid compatibility. A monitored test cut precedes machining.
SourcesSandvik Coromant · International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture · Harvey Performance Company + 2 more
Sandvik Coromant, Formulas and definitions for milling — Metric, H 79.
Sandvik Coromant, Drilling formulas and definitions — Metric, web page.
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Size effect and minimum chip thickness in micromilling, Volume 89 (2015), pages 39–54.
Harvey Performance Company, How to Adjust Running Parameters for Miniature Tooling, web article.
Harvey Performance Company, General Machining Guidelines, live web table.
Harvey Performance Company, Ball Nose Milling Strategy Guide — In The Loupe, article web, sans numéro de révision.
IMCO, Technical Resources — Adjustments for Ball Nose End Mills, aucune révision ni date visible sur le document.
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Determination of minimum uncut chip thickness and size effects in micro-milling of P-20 die steel, 2020.
Scientific validationProvisional, reviewed on 4 August 2026
Scope and limitations
- The values have not yet been tested on a real machine; check them against the cutter’s datasheet and with a test cut.
- Interpolation between diameters and extrapolation below 3.175 mm are flagged heuristics.
- Coating, free-text grade and temper are not asked for, since no public source attributes a quantified coefficient to them. They can be recorded in the datasheet reference.
- No specific cutter or machine profile is embedded.
- On the diamond grid, SOFT, MEDIUM and HARD qualify the hardness of the graphite being cut. By default the HARD column, the most conservative, is used and displayed. The 3/8" cell of the SOFT column, which breaks monotonicity, is discarded along with the 7.94–11.11 mm diameter band.
- The generic table’s source presents its values as guidelines and refers to the parameters of the tool actually used.
Provisional · Sources and assumptions are provided; the documentary review is incomplete.
Empirical rule. The result follows the significant figures of the least precise input.
Revision log
Sous un plafond d’avance machine, la rotation et donc la vitesse de coupe baissent pour garder la charge par dent publiée (n = vf/(fz·zc)). Avant, la rotation restait fixe et la charge réelle s’effondrait.
Cas rapporté (Ø3, laiton, vf max 570) : n passe de 19 404 à 11 875 tr/min, fz reste 24 µm. Le plafond de broche (l’avance suit) ne change pas.
À ae/D ≥ 0,5 et ap/D > 1 à la fois, le mode générique demande fz de la fiche, comme en pleine largeur, au lieu de servir la charge publiée avec une réserve ; vc (borne basse) et n restent affichés en attendant.
Dans ce régime, la demande de fz remplace le résultat. Surfaçage (ae large, ap mince), épaulement (ap profond, ae modéré) et identités sont inchangés.
La compensation d’amincissement du copeau devient facultative : la valeur affichée par défaut est la charge catalogue, et un diagnostic annonce la compensation quand elle est activée. Le rayon d’angle devient calculable avec un champ « rayon de coin », Dcap = (D − 2r) + corde du coin pour ap < r et D au-delà. La force de coupe Fc = Pc/vc est affichée en dépistage dès que kc est saisi.
Par défaut, l’avance programmée redescend à la charge catalogue (÷2,29 au préréglage de contournage) ; l’ancienne valeur majorée s’obtient en activant la compensation. Les liens avec compensation explicite ne changent pas. Avec un rayon de coin saisi, la rotation augmente (Dcap < D). Fc apparaît quand kc est fourni.
Rainurage, rampe et plongée sont calculés, avec fz saisi depuis la fiche. Un manque de donnée générique déclenche une demande de vc/fz au lieu d’un refus, et un sélecteur d’opération présélectionne ae/ap. Ajouts : longueur taillée, sortie d’outil, temps de coupe t = L/vf et marges machine en %.
Les liens en rainurage générique demandent fz au lieu d’un refus. Les champs revêtement, nuance libre et état métallurgique (sans effet sur le calcul) disparaissent des liens, ainsi que les opérations « trochoidal » et « finish » (le contournage couvre la finition de flanc). Aucune identité ne change, ni aucun résultat en engagement partiel en contournage.
Le diamant est calculé pour le graphite, seule matière de sa table (« Diamond End Mills, Non-Ferrous ») dont la charge est indexée sur le diamètre : dix diamètres de 1/32" (0,794 mm) à 1/2" et vitesse 500-2000 SFM, soit une charge publiée sous 3,175 mm. Les onze autres matières sont refusées avec ce motif. Trois lignes carbure sans libellé, qui décalaient les étiquettes du sélecteur de nuance, sont corrigées.
Une fraise diamant en mode générique donne un résultat sur le graphite ; ailleurs, le refus porte sur la granularité de la source et non plus sur le substrat. Aucun résultat carbure ne change ; le troisième critère de défaut (charge publiée la plus basse) départage les colonnes du graphite. Une nuance de l’autre table est refusée au lieu d’être servie.
Les identités de vitesse s’appliquent à Dcap et non plus au nominal (formule Harvey et IMCO ; Dcap = 0,436 mm pour une hémisphérique Ø 1 mm à ap = 0,05 mm) ; rayon d’angle et gravure restent au nominal, signalés. Le rainurage (ae = D) est refusé en mode générique, et le seuil hmin/rβ 0,22–0,36 ne vaut plus que pour l’acier. Quatre lignes Iron/Steel/Stainless sont ajoutées, deux autres restent écartées pour un motif nommé.
En mode générique, le rainurage ou ae ≥ D donne un refus motivé au lieu de nombres. Rotation et vitesse changent pour les hémisphériques (correction d’erreur). Hors acier, le dépistage du copeau minimal reste inactif sans plage saisie. Le défaut acier devient Hy-Tugg/Stressproof (50-150), au même point de départ que 4340 ; seule la nuance affichée change. Résultats à bout plat inchangés.
Le mode générique ne sert plus que les fraises carbure monobloc, seul substrat de sa table ; HSS, céramique, diamant ou autre renvoient vers la fiche fabricant. Les limites du modèle sont affichées avec chaque résultat.
En mode générique, un substrat autre que carbure donne un refus motivé au lieu de nombres. Aucun résultat carbure ne change.
Le point de départ vient de la table générique publique par famille de matière, sans référence de fraise. Les profils d’un atelier particulier (une fraise et deux machines) sont retirés, dont le point laiton repris du cuivre par analogie. La couverture passe de 12 à 29 lignes publiées (fontes, aciers à outils et haute résistance, inox 303/17-4/410, superalliages Ni/Co/base fer, bronzes, titane 5Al-2.5Sn, graphite) ; limites machine et référence de fiche deviennent facultatives.
Les liens créés avec un profil d’atelier retombent sur le mode générique sans limite machine, et leurs résultats changent. Le défaut acier devient la ligne haute résistance 4340 (vitesse publiée la plus basse). Identités inchangées.
La vitesse s’entre en vc ou en rotation catalogue, et un modèle de perçage est ajouté (fiche foret, identités Sandvik de perçage, limites machine, dépistage puissance/couple).
Aucun résultat de fraisage ne change et les liens v2 restaurent toutes leurs valeurs. Les résultats de perçage sont nouveaux.
Parcours refondu : point de départ déduit de la matière et de la fraise (table de catalogue, table générique ou fiche saisie), machine choisie par profil, résultat calculé en continu avec sa provenance et ses réserves.
Les identités de calcul sont inchangées ; les clés d’état de l’URL changent et les liens v1 ne restaurent plus toutes les valeurs.
Première version du calculateur de paramètres de micro-fraisage.
Nouveau calcul : aucun résultat antérieur modifié.