Physics
Mechanics, energy, electricity, thermodynamics, optics and microscopy.
- Archimedes’ buoyancyFloats or sinks, submerged fraction, buoyant force on a volume and apparent weight under the fluid, with the usual fluids preset.
- Calorimetry calculatorQ = mcΔT, latent heat and mixture equilibrium temperature, with the sign convention explained and the assumptions displayed.
- Coulomb’s law and electric fieldForce between two charges, field created by one charge and force on a test charge, with the attractive or repulsive nature named.
- Doppler effect calculator (sound)Perceived frequency when source and observer move, one sign convention. The source/observer asymmetry explained, the sound barrier named.
- Free fall and projectile motionFall time, range, maximum height, impact speed: drag-free kinematics with editable g (Earth, Moon, Mars) and the worked calculation.
- Gravitation and circular orbitsOrbital speed, period, escape velocity and local gravity of a circular orbit, for any central body, ISS included.
- Hooke’s lawForce, stiffness or extension of a spring (F = kx), the lab’s hanging-mass stiffness, and the elastic energy ½kx² always returned.
- Hydrostatic pressureCompute the pressure at a depth (P = P₀ + ρgh) or the depth of a gauge pressure, both gauge and absolute, with the usual fluids.
- Inclined plane and frictionDoes the body hold or slide? Critical angle, force decomposition and acceleration, with the actual static friction kept apart from the maximum.
- Kinetic and potential energy, conversion by fallingEk = ½mv² and Ep = mgh both ways, and the fall converting one into the other with v = √(2gh), independent of mass.
- Microscope depth of field calculatorEstimate an objective’s depth of field, separating the diffraction contribution from the detector contribution.
- Microscope field of view calculatorCalculate the microscope field of view, from the sensor (rectangular field) or from the eyepiece field number (circular field).
- Microscope optical resolution calculatorCalculate lateral and axial resolution of an objective using Abbe, Rayleigh or confocal conventions, with the Airy disk.
- Momentum and collisionsp = mv, elastic and perfectly inelastic collisions in one dimension, with conservations checked and the lost energy quantified.
- Nyquist sampling calculator for microscopyCheck whether your camera samples your objective’s resolution adequately: recommended step, verdict and required magnification.
- Pixel size at specimen plane calculatorCalculate the real size of a pixel at the specimen plane from sensor pixel size, magnification and binning.
- Radioactive decay, half-life, activity and datingRemaining quantity, elapsed time, decay constant λ and mean lifetime, with the Julian year declared and precision held on short times.
- Simple pendulum and mass-spring oscillatorPeriod, frequency and angular frequency of the simple pendulum and the mass-spring oscillator, with the exact amplitude correction, not the truncated series.
- Snell’s law calculatorRefracted angle, critical angle and total internal reflection, Brewster angle. Refraction computed with its verdicts, never a NaN past the critical angle.
- Speed, distance, timeCompute average speed, distance travelled or travel time, with the duration in hours-minutes-seconds and km/h ↔ m/s conversion.
- Thin lens, conjugation relation and magnificationImage position and nature, magnification, optical power, with the algebraic sign convention set by the tool.
- Waves: frequency and wavelengthConvert between frequency, wavelength and propagation speed (v = λf), with the usual media and photon energy for light.
- Work and powerCompute the work of a force (W = F·d·cos θ) and the power (P = W/t or P = F·v), with the three regimes of cos θ named.