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DNA to protein translator

A DNA sequence translated into protein in any of the six frames (+1, +2, +3, −1, −2, −3): codons, amino acids in one- or three-letter code, stop codons.

Parameters

The sequence

Raw or FASTA sequence; whitespace, line breaks and position numbers are ignored. Example value on opening.

The reading
Show as 3 letters

The sequence and its six frames

Awaiting the quantities required for the calculation.

Result

computed on command

Awaiting the quantities required for the calculation.

Calculation, assumptions and sources

OverviewTranslation of a DNA sequence with the standard genetic code, in one of the six frames (+1, +2, +3 on the forward strand; −1, −2, −3 on the reverse complement) or in all six.

Translation of a DNA sequence with the standard genetic code, in one of the six frames (+1, +2, +3 on the forward strand; −1, −2, −3 on the reverse complement) or in all six. Each codon gets its one- and three-letter amino acid and its position on the forward strand; stop codons and a trailing incomplete codon are flagged.

Method & formulasATG → M (Met)
ATG → M (Met)TAA, TAG, TGA → * (Stop)CTN → L (Leu), certain despite the ambiguous base N

A codon containing an ambiguous base (N, R, Y…) is translated for each combination it could stand for; the amino acid is certain only when all give the same one.

Codon
a group of 3 consecutive bases, the reading unit of the genetic code.
Reading frame
the starting point for splitting the sequence into codons. A shift of 1 or 2 bases gives a different protein.
Reverse frame (−1, −2, −3)
a frame read on the reverse complement, in its own 5'→3' direction. Positions stay those of the forward strand.
Stop codon
a codon (TAA, TAG or TGA) that ends translation, shown as "*".
Incomplete codon
one or two bases left at the end of the sequence, not translated.
Xaa (X)
an ambiguous codon (IUPAC base) whose combinations encode different amino acids.
Validity domainOpen reading frames (ORFs) are not detected (see the ORF detector).

Open reading frames (ORFs) are not detected (see the ORF detector). Only the standard genetic code is available, with no mitochondrial code.

The genetic codeThe standard genetic code assigns an amino acid to each codon.

The standard genetic code assigns an amino acid to each codon. 61 of the 64 codons encode one of the 20 amino acids; the other 3 (TAA, TAG, TGA) are stop codons.

ExampleIn frame +1, atgcattaa gives ATG (methionine, M), CAT (histidine, H) and TAA (stop), hence the protein "MH".

In frame +1, atgcattaa gives ATG (methionine, M), CAT (histidine, H) and TAA (stop), hence the protein "MH".